2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 4
Find the inflection points, as ordered pairs, and intervals of concavity of \(f \! \left(x \right) = x^{4}-8 x^{2}+3\).
Run 1
\(\left(\left[-\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, -\frac{47}{9}, \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, -\frac{47}{9}\right], -\infty \cup -\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\cup \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\cup \infty , -\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left(\left[\left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{59}{3}\right), \left(0, 3\right), \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{59}{3}\right)\right], \left(-\infty, -\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, 0\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(0, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, \infty\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(\left[\left(-\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, -\frac{47}{9}\right), \left(\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, -\frac{47}{9}\right)\right], \left[\left(-\infty, -\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\right), \left(\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, \infty\right)\right], \mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(\left(-\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}, \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\right), \mathrm{concave\ down}\right)\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\left[\left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{61}{9}\right), \left(0, 3\right), \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{61}{9}\right)\right], \left[\left(-\infty, -\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, 0\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(0, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, \infty\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}\right]\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(\left[\left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{59}{9}\right), \left(0, 3\right), \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, -\frac{59}{9}\right)\right], \left[\left(-\infty, -\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, 0\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(0, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}, \infty\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left(\left[\left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}, -\frac{163}{9}\right), \left(0, 3\right), \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}, -\frac{163}{9}\right)\right], \left[\left(-\infty, -\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(-\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}, 0\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}, \left(0, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}\right)=\mathrm{concave\ up}, \left(\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}, \infty\right)=\mathrm{concave\ down}\right]\right)\)
Analysis: The groups disagree on the x-coordinates of the inflection points (run 1 and run 3 use \(\pm\sqrt{2/3}\), run 2, run 4 and run 5 use \(\pm\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\), run 6 uses \(\pm\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{6}\)), on the y-values (\(-47/9\), \(-59/3\), \(-61/9\), \(-59/9\), \(-163/9\)), on whether \((0,3)\) is reported as an extra inflection point, and on the resulting up/down pattern of the concavity intervals.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 5
Apply 3 iterations of Gauss-Seidel to the system \(10 x_{1}-x_{2}+2 x_{3} = 6\), \(-x_{1}+11 x_{2}-x_{3} = 25\), \(2 x_{1}-x_{2}+10 x_{3} = -11\), starting from \([x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}] = [0, 0, 0]\). Give \([x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}]\) after iteration 3, each to 6 decimal places.
Run 1
\([ 0.600000, 2.327273, - 0.987273]\)
Run 2
\([ 0.601650, 2.371530, - 0.988685]\)
Run 3
\([ 0.600189, 2.327573, - 0.988626]\)
Run 4
\([ 0.600000, 2.327273, - 0.987273]\)
Run 5
\([ 0.600000, 2.327273, - 0.987273]\)
Run 6
\(\left[0.601652, 2.327052, -0.988682\right]\)
Analysis: Only runs 1, 4, and 5 match exactly. Runs 2, 3, and 6 each give different iteration-3 vectors, differing in at least one component at the required 6-decimal precision.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 6
Assuming \(0<a\), compute the curvature \(\kappa \! \left(t \right)\) and torsion \(\tau \! \left(t \right)\) of the helix \(r \! \left(t \right) = \langle a \cos \! \left(t \right), a \sin \! \left(t \right), b t \rangle\).
Run 1
\(\left(\kappa \! \left(t \right)=\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}, \tau \! \left(t \right)=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left(\kappa \! \left(t \right)=\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}, \tau \! \left(t \right)=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(\kappa \! \left(t \right)=\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}, \tau \! \left(t \right)=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\kappa=\frac{b^{2}}{a(a^{2}+b^{2})}, \tau=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(\kappa \! \left(t \right)=\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}, \tau \! \left(t \right)=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left(\kappa=\frac{b^{2}}{a(a^{2}+b^{2})}, \tau=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\)
Analysis: The answer from run 1 gives \(\kappa = \frac{a}{a^2+b^2}\), while run 4 gives \(\kappa = \frac{b^2}{a(a^2+b^2)}\), which are different expressions (the torsion \(\tau = \frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\) agrees in both).
All 6 different
Problem 9
Find the closed form of the infinite sum \(\overset{\infty}{\underset{n =1}{\sum}}\frac{H_{n}}{n^{2}}\), where \(H_{n} = \overset{n}{\underset{k =1}{\sum}}\frac{1}{k}\) is the n-th harmonic number. Express the result in terms of the Riemann zeta function.
Run 1
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(3\right)}{2}\)
Run 2
\(\zeta \! \left(3\right)+\frac{\ln \! \left(2\right) \pi^{2}}{6}\)
Run 3
\(\zeta \! \left(3\right)+\frac{\zeta \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{2}\)
Run 4
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 5
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(3\right)}{2}+\frac{\ln \! \left(2\right) \pi^{2}}{2}-\frac{\pi^{2} \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{2}+\frac{\ln \! \left(2\right)^{4}}{2}+12 \Phi \! \left(1, 4, \frac{1}{2}\right)\)
Run 6
\(\frac{2\zeta(3)+\pi^{2}\ln(2)/6}{2}\)
Analysis: The groups evaluate to \((3/2)\zeta(3)\), \(\zeta(3)+\pi^2\ln 2/6\), \(\zeta(3)+\zeta(2)^2/2\), \(2\zeta(3)\), \((3/2)\zeta(3)+\pi^2\ln 2/2-\pi^2\ln^2 2/2+\ln^4 2/2+12\,\mathrm{LerchPhi}(1,4,1/2)\), and \(\zeta(3)+\pi^2\ln 2/12\), all distinct.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 10
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{1}\ln \! \left(x \right) \ln \! \left(1-x \right)d x\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(2-2 \zeta \! \left(2\right)\)
Run 2
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)-2\)
Run 3
\(2-2 \zeta \! \left(2\right)\)
Run 4
\(2-2 \zeta \! \left(2\right)\)
Run 5
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)-2\)
Run 6
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)-2\)
Analysis: Run 1 gives \(2 - 2\zeta(2)\) while run 2 gives \(2\zeta(3) - 2\), which are different values since \(\zeta(2) = \pi^2/6 \neq \zeta(3)\).
All 6 different
Problem 11
Find the closed form of the infinite sum \(\overset{\infty}{\underset{n =1}{\sum}}\frac{\cos \! \left(n \right)}{n^{2}}\) (the argument is in radians, not degrees).
Run 1
\(\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-\frac{\pi}{2}+\cos \! \left(1\right)-\frac{\pi \cos \! \left(1\right)}{2}+\frac{\left(\cos^{2}\left(1\right)\right)}{4}+\frac{\mathit{dilog}\! \left(1-{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}+\frac{\mathit{dilog}\! \left(1-{\mathrm e}^{-\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}\)
Run 2
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\pi^{3}}{12}-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2 \pi \right)}{2}+\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2 \sin \! \left(1\right)\right)}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{Li}_{2}\! \left({\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{Li}_{2}\! \left({\mathrm e}^{-\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\pi^{3}}{12}-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)}{2}+\frac{\mathit{dilog}\! \left(1+{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}+\frac{\mathit{dilog}\! \left(1+{\mathrm e}^{-\mathrm{i}}\right)}{2}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\pi^{3}}{12}+\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2 \pi \right)}{2}+\frac{\Phi \! \left(1, 2, \frac{1}{2}\right)}{2}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}+\frac{\cos \! \left(1\right)}{2}-\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{k =2}{\sum}}\frac{\left(-1\right)^{k} \zeta \! \left(2 k \right)}{\left(2 k \right)!}\right)\)
Run 6
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\mathrm{csgn}(\mathrm{i}\,\exp(\mathrm{i}))+\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}\,\mathrm{csgn}(\mathrm{i}\,\exp(\mathrm{i}))^{2}-\frac{\pi^{2}}{4}\,\mathrm{csgn}(\mathrm{i}\,\exp(\mathrm{i}))\)
Analysis: The six expressions evaluate to six distinct numerical values (approximately \(0.986\), \(-2.758\), \(-2.674\), \(1.035\), \(-0.670\), \(7.83\)), so no two are mathematically equivalent.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 12
Decompose into partial fractions and evaluate \(\int \frac{3 x^{2}+2 x +1}{\left(x -1\right) \left(x +2\right)^{2}}d x\).
Run 1
\(\frac{3 \ln \! \left({| x -1|}\right)}{2}-\frac{11}{3 x +6}-\frac{11 \ln \! \left({| x +2|}\right)}{9}+C\)
Run 2
\(\frac{3 \ln \! \left({| x -1|}\right)}{2}-\frac{11}{3 x +6}-\frac{11 \ln \! \left({| x +2|}\right)}{9}+C\)
Run 3
\(\ln \! \left(x -1\right)-\frac{2}{x +2}-\frac{5 \ln \! \left(x +2\right)}{2}-\frac{11}{2 \left(x +2\right)^{2}}+C\)
Run 4
\(\frac{3 \ln \! \left({| x -1|}\right)}{2}-\frac{11}{3 x +6}-\frac{11 \ln \! \left({| x +2|}\right)}{9}+C\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\ln \! \left(x -1\right)}{3}-\frac{7 \ln \! \left(x +2\right)}{9}-\frac{7}{3 x +6}+\frac{11}{9 \left(x +2\right)^{2}}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{3}{9}\ln(x-1)-\frac{11}{9}\ln(x+2)-\frac{11}{3(x+2)}+\frac{1}{3}\frac{-3x-4}{(x+2)^{2}}\)
Analysis: The four answers have different coefficients on \(\ln(x-1)\), \(\ln(x+2)\), \(1/(x+2)\), and \(1/(x+2)^2\): run 3 gives \(1,\,-5/2,\,-2,\,-11/2\); run 1 gives \(3/2,\,-11/9,\,-11/3,\,0\); run 5 gives \(1/3,\,-7/9,\,-7/3,\,11/9\); run 6 gives \(1/3,\,-11/9,\,-11/3\) plus a non-constant \((-3x-4)/(3(x+2)^2)\) term, none of which differ by an additive constant.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 16
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln \! \left(x \right)}{\sqrt{-x^{2}+1}}d x\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)}{2}\)
Run 2
\(-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)}{2}\)
Run 3
\(-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)}{2}\)
Run 4
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\)
Run 5
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\)
Run 6
\(-\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)}{2}\)
Analysis: Run 4's answer is \(-\pi^2/8\) while run 2's answer is \(-\frac{1}{2}\pi\ln 2\), which are numerically and symbolically distinct values.
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 17
Find the critical points of \(f \! \left(x , y\right) = x^{3}+y^{2}-3 x\) and classify them.
Run 1
\(\left[\left[\left[x=1, y=0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[x=-1, y=0\right], \text{``saddle point''}\right]\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left[\left[\left[x=1, y=0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[x=-1, y=0\right], \text{``saddle point''}\right]\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\left[\left[x=1, y=0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[x=-1, y=0\right], \text{``saddle point''}\right]\right]\)
Run 4
\(\left[\left[\left[x=1, y=0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[x=-1, y=0\right], \text{``saddle point''}\right]\right]\)
Run 5
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[-1,0\right], \text{``local maximum''}\right]\right]\)
Run 6
\(\left[\left[\left[x=1, y=0\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right], \left[\left[x=-1, y=0\right], \text{``saddle point''}\right]\right]\)
Analysis: Run 5 classifies \((1,0)\) as a local minimum, \((-1,0)\) as a local maximum, and includes \((0,0)\) as a saddle, while run 1 classifies \((1,0)\) as a local minimum, \((-1,0)\) as a saddle point, and omits \((0,0)\).
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 18
Locate and classify the critical points of the surface defined by \(f \! \left(x , y\right) = x^{3}+y^{3}-3 x y\).
Run 1
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,1\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right]\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,1\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right]\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,1\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right]\right]\)
Run 4
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,1\right], \text{``local minimum''}\right]\right]\)
Run 5
\(\left[[[0, 0], \mathit{saddle}], \left[\left[-\sqrt{3}, -\sqrt{3}\right], \textit{local\_minimum}\right], \left[\left[\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{3}\right], \textit{local\_maximum}\right]\right]\)
Run 6
\(\left[\left[\left[0,0\right], \text{``saddle''}\right], \left[\left[1,1\right], \text{``local\_minimum''}\right]\right]\)
Analysis: Run 1 and run 6 report two critical points, \((0,0)\) as a saddle and \((1,1)\) as a local minimum, whereas run 5 reports \((0,0)\) as a saddle together with \((-\sqrt{3},-\sqrt{3})\) as a local minimum and \((\sqrt{3},\sqrt{3})\) as a local maximum.
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 19
Find the maximum rate of change of \(f \! \left(x , y\right) = x^{2} {\mathrm e}^{-y}\) at \([2, 0]\) and the direction in which it occurs.
Run 1
\([4 \sqrt{5}, \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -4 \end{array}\right]]\)
Run 2
\([4 \sqrt{5}, \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -4 \end{array}\right]]\)
Run 3
\([4 \sqrt{5}, \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -4 \end{array}\right]]\)
Run 4
\([4 \sqrt{5}, \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -4 \end{array}\right]]\)
Run 5
\(\left[\sqrt{17}, \frac{\left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -1 \end{array}\right]}{\sqrt{17}}\right]\)
Run 6
\([4 \sqrt{5}, \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & -4 \end{array}\right]]\)
Analysis: Run 5 gives magnitude \(\sqrt{17}\) with unit direction \((4,-1)/\sqrt{17}\), while run 1 gives magnitude \(4\sqrt{5}\) with direction vector \((4,-4)\) — the scalar magnitudes and the direction vectors disagree.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 24
Find the volume of the solid bounded above by \(z = -x^{2}-y^{2}+4\) and below by \(z = x^{2}+y^{2}\).
Analysis: The answer by run 1 is \(2\pi\), the answer by run 2 is \(4\pi\), and the answer by run 3 is \(\pi\).
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 25
Find the determinant of the 4x4 matrix \(A = \left[\begin{array}{cccc} 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 3 \end{array}\right]\).
Analysis: The answers differ in value: run 1 gives \(20\) while run 4 gives \(10\).
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 28
Find one valid QR decomposition of the matrix \(\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right]\).
Run 1
\(\left[0, \frac{\sqrt{15}\, \sqrt{5}}{3}\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left(\left[\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right], \left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right], \left[0, \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\right]\right], \left[\left[\sqrt{2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right], \left[0, \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(\left[\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right], \left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right], \left[0, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\right]\right], \left[\left[\sqrt{2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right], \left[0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{3}}\right], \left[0, 0, \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\left[\left[\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{3}\right], \left[\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}, -\frac{1}{3}\sqrt{3}\right], \left[0, \frac{1}{3}\sqrt{3}\right]\right], \left[\left[\sqrt{2}, \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}\right], \left[0, \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(\left[\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right], \left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right], \left[0, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right]\right], \left[\left[\sqrt{2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right], \left[0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left[0, \frac{\sqrt{15}\, \sqrt{5}}{3}\right]\)
Analysis: All responses are from mistral; mathematically they split because one gives a \(3\times 2\) \(Q\) with \(2\times 2\) \(R\) using a second \(Q\)-column proportional to \((1,-1,2)\), another gives a \(3\times 3\)–\(3\times 3\) pair, another gives a \(3\times 2\)–\(2\times 2\) pair with second \(Q\)-column proportional to \((2,-1,1)\), another gives a \(3\times 2\)–\(2\times 2\) pair with second \(Q\)-column proportional to \((1,-1,1)\) (and different \(R_{22}\)), and the last is only a length-2 vector rather than a \((Q,R)\) decomposition.
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 29
Find one valid singular value decomposition of the matrix \(\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \\ 5 & 6 \end{array}\right]\).
Run 1
\(U=\left\langle \left\langle \frac{1}{14}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}, -\frac{1}{3}\sqrt{5}\sqrt{2}, \frac{2}{21}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}\right\rangle, \left\langle \frac{3}{14}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}, \frac{2}{15}\sqrt{5}\sqrt{2}, -\frac{11}{21}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}\right\rangle, \left\langle \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}, \frac{1}{3}\sqrt{5}\sqrt{2}, \frac{2}{3}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{5}\right\rangle \right\rangle,\ \Sigma=\left\langle \left\langle \frac{1}{14}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{294+42\sqrt{33}}, 0\right\rangle, \left\langle 0, \frac{1}{14}\sqrt{14}\sqrt{294-42\sqrt{33}}\right\rangle, \left\langle 0, 0\right\rangle \right\rangle,\ V=\left\langle \left\langle \frac{1}{6}\sqrt{33}\sqrt{2}-\frac{1}{6}\sqrt{2}, -\frac{1}{6}\sqrt{33}\sqrt{2}-\frac{1}{6}\sqrt{2}\right\rangle, \left\langle \sqrt{2}, \sqrt{2}\right\rangle \right\rangle\)
Run 2
\(\left(\left[\left[-0.2298476964, 0.8834610176, 0.4082482905\right], \left[-0.5247448188, 0.2407824921, -0.8164965809\right], \left[-0.8196419411, -0.4018960333, 0.4082482905\right]\right], \left[\left[9.5255180916, 0.\right], \left[0., 0.5143005807\right], \left[0., 0.\right]\right], \left[\left[-0.6196294838, -0.7848944529\right], \left[-0.7848944529, 0.6196294838\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 3
\(\langle U , S , \mathit{Vt}\rangle \coloneqq \langle \langle - 0.2298476964, 0.8834610175, 0.4082482905\rangle | \langle - 0.5247448188, 0.2407824920, - 0.8164965809\rangle | \langle - 0.8196419412, - 0.4018960335, 0.4082482905\rangle \rangle ,\langle \langle 9.623475383, 0\rangle | \langle 0, 0.6234753830\rangle | \langle 0, 0\rangle | \langle 0, 0\rangle \rangle ,\langle \langle - 0.6196294839, - 0.7848944533\rangle | \langle - 0.7848944533, 0.6196294839\rangle \rangle\)
Run 4
\([[\left[\begin{array}{c} - 0.02298476964 \\ - 0.8834610176 \\ - 0.4100260253 \end{array}\right], \left[\begin{array}{c} - 0.5247448188 \\ - 0.2407824920 \\ 0.8162179597 \end{array}\right], \left[\begin{array}{c} - 0.8196419411 \\ 0.4018960337 \\ - 0.4082482905 \end{array}\right]], [[ 9.525518092, 0.0], [ 0.0, 0.5143005809]], [[- 0.6196294838, - 0.7848944529], [- 0.7848944529, 0.6196294838]]]\)
Run 5
\(\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{1}{10}\sqrt{50-10\sqrt{5}} & \frac{1}{10}\sqrt{50+10\sqrt{5}} \\ \frac{3}{10}\sqrt{50-10\sqrt{5}} & \frac{3}{10}\sqrt{50+10\sqrt{5}} \\ \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{50-10\sqrt{5}} & \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{50+10\sqrt{5}} \end{array}\right], \left[\begin{array}{cc} \sqrt{91+\sqrt{2101}} & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{91-\sqrt{2101}} \end{array}\right], \left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\frac{2}{11}\sqrt{2101}} & \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\frac{2}{11}\sqrt{2101}} \\ \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2+\frac{2}{11}\sqrt{2101}} & -\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2-\frac{2}{11}\sqrt{2101}} \end{array}\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left(\left[\left[-0.2298476964, 0.8834610175\right], \left[-0.5247448188, 0.2407824920\right], \left[-0.8196419412, -0.4018960335\right]\right], \mathrm{DiagonalMatrix}\!\left(\left[9.5255180916, 0.5142999290\right]\right), \left[\left[-0.6196294838, -0.7848944533\right], \left[-0.7848944533, 0.6196294838\right]\right]\right)\)
Analysis: One pair of mistral responses is the same SVD up to full-vs-thin notation with matching singular values \((\sigma_1 \approx 9.525518,\ \sigma_2 \approx 0.514300)\), while each other mistral response has different matrix factors (including different singular values and/or incompatible factor shapes), so they are not equivalent to that pair or to each other.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 30
Diagonalize \(A = \left[\begin{array}{cc} 4 & 1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array}\right]\) as \(A = D\), giving \(P\) and \(D\) explicitly.
Run 1
\(P=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1 & 1 \\ -1 & 2\end{array}\right], \quad D=\left[\begin{array}{cc}5 & 0 \\ 0 & 2\end{array}\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left[\left[P = \left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & -\frac{1}{2} \\ 1 & 1 \end{array}\right], D = \left[\begin{array}{cc} 5 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array}\right], \frac{1}{P} = \left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{2}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \\ -\frac{2}{3} & \frac{2}{3} \end{array}\right]\right]\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\left[P = \left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & -\frac{1}{2} \\ 1 & 1 \end{array}\right], D = \left[\begin{array}{cc} 5 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array}\right], \frac{1}{P} = \left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{2}{3} & \frac{1}{3} \\ -\frac{2}{3} & \frac{2}{3} \end{array}\right]\right]\right]\)
Run 4
\([[4, 1], [2, 3]] = \left[\left[1, 1\right], \left[2, 1\right]\right]\cdot \left[\left[5, 0\right], \left[0, 2\right]\right]\cdot \left(-1\right)\cdot \left[\left[1, -1\right], \left[-2, 1\right]\right]\)
Run 5
\([[4, 1], [2, 3]] = \left[\left[1, 1\right], \left[1, 2\right]\right]\cdot \langle \langle 2, 0\rangle , \langle 0, 5\rangle \rangle \cdot \mathit{MatrixInverse} \! \left(\left[\left[1, 1\right], \left[1, 2\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left[\left[4,1\right], \left[2,3\right]\right]=\left[\left[1,1\right], \left[1,2\right]\right]\cdot \left[\left[5,0\right], \left[0,2\right]\right]\cdot \left(\left[\left[1,1\right], \left[1,2\right]\right]\right)^{-1};\ P=\left[\left[1,1\right], \left[1,2\right]\right];\ D=\left[\left[5,0\right], \left[0,2\right]\right]\)
Analysis: The groups differ in the eigenvalue-eigenvector pairing inside \(P\): run 1 and run 2 pair \(5\) with \([1,1]\) and \(2\) with a scalar multiple of \([-1,2]\); run 4 and run 5 pair \(5\) with \([1,2]\) and \(2\) with \([1,1]\); run 6 pairs \(5\) with \([1,1]\) and \(2\) with \([1,2]\).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 31
Find the minimum-norm least squares solution to \(A x = b\) for \(A = \left[\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \end{array}\right]\) and \(b = \left[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right]\).
Run 1
\(\left[-{\frac{4}{3}}, {\frac{1}{3}}, {\frac{2}{3}}\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left[-\frac{1}{3}, \frac{2}{3}, 0\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\begin{array}{c} -\frac{1}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} \\ 0 \end{array}\right]\)
Run 4
\(\left[\begin{array}{c} -\frac{1}{3} \\ \frac{1}{3} \\ 0 \end{array}\right]\)
Run 5
\(\left[\begin{array}{c} -\frac{1}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} \\ 0 \end{array}\right]\)
Run 6
\(\left[-\frac{1}{3}, 0, \frac{1}{3}\right]\)
Analysis: The groups represent four distinct vectors: \(\left(-\frac{4}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3}\right)\), \(\left(-\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3},0\right)\) (with notation-only variants including a column form and an equation form), \(\left(-\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},0\right)\), and \(\left(-\frac{1}{3},0,\frac{1}{3}\right)\).
All 6 different
Problem 33
Solve the Riccati equation \(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right) = 1+x^{2}-2 x y \! \left(x \right)+y \! \left(x \right)^{2}\).
Run 1
\(y \! \left(x \right) = x +\frac{1}{\frac{{\mathrm e}^{x^{2}+2 \textit{\_C1}}}{-{\mathrm e}^{x^{2}}+\textit{\_C1}}+\frac{{\mathrm e}^{-x^{2}} x M_{-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left(x^{2}\right)}{W_{-\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left(x^{2}\right)}}\)
Run 2
\(y \! \left(x \right) = x +\frac{1}{{\mathrm e}^{x} \textit{\_C1} -{\mathrm e}^{x} x +{\mathrm e}^{x}}\)
Run 3
\(y \! \left(x \right) = x +\frac{1}{{\mathrm e}^{x -\mathit{C1}}-\frac{{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \textit{\_C1} M_{1,\frac{1}{2}}\left(2 \,{\mathrm e}^{x -\mathit{C1}}\right)}{W_{1,\frac{1}{2}}\left(2 \,{\mathrm e}^{x -\mathit{C1}}\right)}}\)
Run 4
\(y \! \left(x \right) = x +\frac{-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-x^{2}} \textit{\_C1} +\sqrt{2}\, \sqrt{\pi}\, \mathrm{erf}\! \left(\sqrt{2}\, x \right) {\mathrm e}^{-x^{2}}}{2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-x^{2}} \textit{\_C1} +\sqrt{2}\, \sqrt{\pi}\, \mathrm{erf}\! \left(\sqrt{2}\, x \right)}\)
Run 5
\(y \! \left(x \right) = x +\frac{-2 \textit{\_C1} \,{\mathrm e}^{-2 x}+2}{2 \textit{\_C1} \,{\mathrm e}^{-2 x}+2}\)
Run 6
\(y(x)=x+\frac{1}{2}\frac{-\operatorname{BesselK}(0,x)\,\_C1+\operatorname{BesselI}(0,x)}{\operatorname{BesselK}(1,x)\,\_C1+\operatorname{BesselI}(1,x)}\)
Analysis: The six answers all express \(y(x)=x+\) a different rational/transcendental correction term — involving Whittaker functions of \(x^2\), a plain exponential in \(x\), Whittaker functions of \(e^{x-C_1}\), the error function \(\operatorname{erf}(\sqrt{2}\,x)\), \(e^{-2x}\), and Bessel functions \(I_\nu(x),K_\nu(x)\) respectively — and these closed forms are not mutual reparametrizations of one another.
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 34
Solve the Riccati equation \(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right) = y \! \left(x \right)^{2}+x^{2}\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(\frac{-Y_{-\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) \textit{\_C1} +J_{-\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}{Y_{\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) \textit{\_C1} -J_{\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}\)
Run 2
\(J_{-\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) x \textit{\_C1} +Y_{-\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) x\)
Run 3
\(y = -\frac{x Y_{\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}{J_{\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}-x\)
Run 4
\(\frac{J_{-\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)x\sqrt{2}+Y_{-\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)x\sqrt{2}\,\_C1}{J_{\frac{3}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)-Y_{\frac{3}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\,\_C1}\)
Run 5
\(-\frac{x \left(J_{-\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) \textit{\_C1} +Y_{-\frac{3}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)\right)}{\textit{\_C1} J_{\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)+Y_{\frac{1}{4}}\! \left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}\)
Run 6
\(y(x)=-x\frac{Y_{\frac{3}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}{J_{\frac{3}{4}}\!\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}-x\)
Analysis: Run 3 and run 6 give the same particular Bessel-ratio solution (no arbitrary constant); run 1 has the same shape as run 5 but with the overall \(x\) factor cancelled between numerator and denominator; run 2 is a sum of Bessel functions rather than a ratio; run 4 inverts the structure with Bessel orders \(\pm 1/4\) in the numerator and \(\pm 3/4\) in the denominator; run 5 is the standard general form \(-x(C_1 J_{-3/4} + Y_{-3/4})/(C_1 J_{1/4} + Y_{1/4})\).
All 6 different
Problem 35
Solve \(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right) = \frac{x \left(x^{2}-x -1-2 x^{2} y \! \left(x \right)+2 x^{4}\right)}{\left(x^{2}-y \! \left(x \right)\right) \left(x +1\right)}\), expressing the implicit general solution.
Run 1
\(\left(x^{2}-y \right) {\mathrm e}^{x^{2}-y}-\frac{x^{3}}{3}+\frac{x^{2}}{2}+x = C\)
Run 2
\(\left(x^{2}-y \right) {\mathrm e}^{x^{2}-x -y}-\frac{x^{3} {\mathrm e}^{x^{2}}}{3}+\textit{\_C1} = 0\)
Run 3
\(-\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\ln \! \left(x +1\right)}{2}+\textit{\_C1} \left(x +1\right)^{2}+y = 0\)
Run 4
\(-\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\ln \! \left(x +1\right) x^{2}}{2}-\ln \! \left(x +1\right) y +\textit{\_C1} = 0\)
Run 5
\(\left(x^{2}-y \right) {\mathrm e}^{x^{2}-x -y}-\frac{x^{4} {\mathrm e}^{x^{2}}}{2}+\textit{\_C1} = 0\)
Run 6
\(-\frac{1}{2}\ln\!\left((x^{2}-y)^{2}(x+1)^{2}\right)-x^{2}+\ln(x)+\_C1=0\)
Analysis: The six answers have structurally distinct implicit forms — run 1 uses \((x^2-y)e^{x^2-y}\) with a polynomial in \(x\); run 2 and run 5 share the factor \((x^2-y)e^{x^2-x-y}\) but differ in the remaining term (\(x^3 e^{x^2}/3\) vs \(x^4 e^{x^2}/2\)); run 3 contains an arbitrary constant multiplying \((x+1)^2\) added to \(y\); run 4 has \(\ln(x+1)\) multiplying \(x^2\) and \(y\) with an additive constant; and run 6 uses \(\ln((x^2-y)^2(x+1)^2)\) together with \(\ln(x)\) and \(x^2\), so no two are mathematically equivalent.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 37
Solve Bessel's equation \(x^{2} \left(\frac{d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \! \left(x \right)\right)+x \left(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right)\right)+\left(x^{2}-1\right) y \! \left(x \right) = 0\).
Run 1
\(J_{1}\! \left(x \right)+\textit{\_C1} Y_{1}\! \left(x \right)\)
Run 2
\(J_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C1} +Y_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C2}\)
Run 3
\(J_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C1} +Y_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C2}\)
Run 4
\(J_{1}\! \left(x \right)+\textit{\_C1} Y_{1}\! \left(x \right)\)
Run 5
\(J_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C1} +Y_{1}\! \left(x \right) \textit{\_C2}\)
Run 6
\(\operatorname{BesselJ}(1,x)+\_C1\operatorname{BesselY}(1,x)\)
Analysis: The answer from run 2 is the full general solution \(C_1 J_1(x) + C_2 Y_1(x)\) with two independent constants, while run 1's expression \(J_1(x) + C_1 Y_1(x)\) contains only one arbitrary constant and fixes the coefficient of \(J_1(x)\) to 1.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 38
Solve \(\frac{d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \! \left(x \right) = \frac{x^{2} \left(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right)\right)^{2}-2 x y \! \left(x \right) \left(\frac{d}{d x}y \! \left(x \right)\right)+y \! \left(x \right)^{2}}{x^{2}}\).
Run 1
\(\left(\textit{\_C1} \,x^{2}+y \! \left(x \right)=0, \textit{\_C1} \,x^{2} {\mathrm e}^{-\frac{y \left(x \right)}{x}}+y \! \left(x \right)=0\right)\)
Run 2
\(y \! \left(x \right) = \textit{\_C1} \,x^{2}+\textit{\_C2} x\)
Run 3
\(y \! \left(x \right) = \textit{\_C1} x \sin \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)+\textit{\_C2} x \cos \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)\)
Run 4
\(y \! \left(x \right) = \textit{\_C1} x \sin \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)+\textit{\_C2} x \cos \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)\)
Run 5
\(y \! \left(x \right) = \textit{\_C1} x \sin \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)+\textit{\_C2} x \cos \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)\)
Run 6
\(y \! \left(x \right) = \textit{\_C1} x \sin \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)+\textit{\_C2} x \cos \! \left(\ln \! \left(x \right)\right)\)
Analysis: run 1 gives two single-parameter implicit families \(C_1 x^2 + y = 0\) and \(C_1 x^2 e^{-y/x} + y = 0\); run 2 gives the two-parameter linear combination \(y = C_1 x^2 + C_2 x\); run 3 gives the two-parameter combination \(y = C_1 x \sin(\ln x) + C_2 x \cos(\ln x)\).
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 40
For the Fourier-Bessel expansion \(f \! \left(r \right) = -r^{2}+1 = \overset{\infty}{\underset{n =1}{\sum}}c_{n} J_{0}\! \left(\alpha_{n} r \right)\) on \([0, 1]\), where \(\alpha_{n}\) is the n-th positive zero of \(J_{0}\! \left(x \right)\), give the closed form for \(c_{n}\) and the numeric values of \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), \(c_{3}\) to 4 decimal places.
Run 1
\(\textit{c\_n} = \frac{8}{\textit{alpha\_n}^{3} J_{1}\! \left(\textit{alpha\_n} \right)}\)
Run 2
\(\textit{c\_n} = \frac{8}{\textit{alpha\_n}^{3} J_{1}\! \left(\textit{alpha\_n} \right)}\)
Run 3
\(\textit{c\_n} = \frac{8}{\textit{alpha\_n}^{3} J_{1}\! \left(\textit{alpha\_n} \right)}\)
Run 4
\(\textit{c\_n} = \frac{8}{\textit{alpha\_n}^{3} J_{1}\! \left(\textit{alpha\_n} \right)}\)
Run 5
\(\textit{c\_n} = \frac{8}{\textit{alpha\_n}^{3} J_{1}\! \left(\textit{alpha\_n} \right)}\)
Run 6
\(c_n=\frac{8}{\alpha_n^{3}\operatorname{BesselJ}(1,\alpha_n)}, \quad \left[4.2359, -1.0409, 0.4575\right]\)
Analysis: Run 1 and run 6 give the same closed form for \(c_n\), but their numeric values for \(c_1, c_2, c_3\) differ (\(4.2863, -1.0761, 0.5089\) vs \(4.2359, -1.0409, 0.4575\)).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 42
Find all 6th roots of \(-64\) in polar form and identify which roots lie in the upper half-plane.
Run 1
\(\left(\left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, -2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(-1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right], \left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right]\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left(\left[64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{6} \left(2 \pi \textit{\_Z1} +\pi \right)}, \textit{\_Z1} =0..5\right], \left[64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{6} \pi}, 64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2} \pi}, 64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{5 \,\mathrm{i}}{6} \pi}\right]\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(\left[64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{6} \left(2 \pi \textit{\_Z1} +\pi \right)}, \textit{\_Z1} =0..5\right], \left[64^{{1}/{6}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{6} \left(2 \pi \textit{\_Z1} +\pi \right)}\$ \textit{\_Z1} =0, 1, 2\right]\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\left[2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{2 \,\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{4 \,\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{5 \,\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}\right], \left[2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}, 2 \left(-1\right)^{{1}/{3}} {\mathrm e}^{\frac{2 \,\mathrm{i}}{3} \pi}\right]\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(\left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, -2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(-1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right], \left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\left(\left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, -2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(-1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1-\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right], \left[\left(-1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, \left(1+\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}\right) 2^{{1}/{3}}, 2 \,2^{{1}/{3}}\right]\right)\)
Analysis: run 2 and run 3 give six values of modulus \(2\) at arguments \(\pi/6 + k\pi/3\); run 4 gives six values of modulus \(2\) at arguments \(k\pi/3\) (offset by \(\pi/3\) from run 2 and run 3); run 1 gives six values of modulus \(2^{4/3}\) at arguments \(k\pi/3\).
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 44
Find the Laurent series expansion of \(f \! \left(z \right) = \frac{1}{z \left(z -2\right)}\) about \(z = 0\) for \(0<{| z |}<2\).
Run 1
\(-\frac{1}{2 z}-\frac{\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{\textit{\_k1} =0}{\sum}}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\textit{\_k1}} z^{\textit{\_k1}}\right)}{4}\)
Run 2
\(-\frac{1}{2 z}-\frac{\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{\textit{\_k1} =0}{\sum}}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\textit{\_k1}} z^{\textit{\_k1}}\right)}{4}\)
Run 3
\(-\frac{1}{2 z}-\frac{\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{\textit{\_k1} =0}{\sum}}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\textit{\_k1}} z^{\textit{\_k1}}\right)}{4}\)
Run 4
\(-\frac{1}{2 z}-\frac{\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{k =0}{\sum}}\left(\frac{z}{2}\right)^{k}\right)}{4}\)
Run 5
\(-\frac{1}{2 z}-\frac{\left(\overset{\infty}{\underset{\textit{\_k1} =0}{\sum}}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{\textit{\_k1}} z^{\textit{\_k1}}\right)}{4}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{1}{2z}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}z-\frac{1}{16}z^{2}+\frac{1}{32}z^{3}-\frac{1}{64}z^{4}+\frac{1}{128}z^{5}+O(z^{6})\)
Analysis: Run 4's expansion has principal part \(-\frac{1}{2z}\) with the geometric sum \(\sum (z/2)^k\) (all negative coefficients), while run 6's expansion has principal part \(+\frac{1}{2z}\) and alternating-sign coefficients corresponding to \(\sum (-z/2)^k\).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 47
Find the residue of \(f \! \left(z \right) = \frac{{\mathrm e}^{z}}{\left(z -\mathrm{i} \pi \right)^{2}}\) at \(z = \mathrm{i} \pi\).
Run 1
\(\frac{-\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2} {\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}}{\pi}\)
Run 2
\(-\frac{{\mathrm e}^{\pi} \pi}{2}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}}{2}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}}{2}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi} \pi}{2}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{{\mathrm e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}}{2}\)
Analysis: Run 1 gives \(\frac{e^{i\pi}}{2i\pi}\), run 2 gives \(-\frac{\pi e^{\pi}}{2}\), run 5 gives \(\frac{\pi e^{i\pi}}{2}\), and run 3 gives \(\frac{e^{i\pi}}{2}\), four distinct values.
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 50
Solve the polynomial equation \(x^{4}-2 x^{3}-3 x^{2}+4 x +4 = 0\) over the reals, finding all roots.
Run 1
\([1+\sqrt{3}, 1-\sqrt{3}, 2, -1]\)
Run 2
\([\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =1\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =2\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =3\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =4\right)]\)
Run 3
\([\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =1\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =2\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =3\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =4\right)]\)
Run 4
\([\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =1\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =2\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =3\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =4\right)]\)
Run 5
\([\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =1\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =2\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =3\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =4\right)]\)
Run 6
\([\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =1\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =2\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =3\right), \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{4}-2 \textit{\_Z}^{3}-3 \textit{\_Z}^{2}+4 \textit{\_Z} +4, \mathit{index} =4\right)]\)
Analysis: The answer from run 1 lists explicit values \(1+\sqrt{3},\ 1-\sqrt{3},\ 2,\ -1\), while run 3 and run 2 leave the roots as the four indexed \(\mathrm{RootOf}\) expressions of the quartic.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 52
Find the minimal polynomial of \(\alpha = \sqrt{2}+\mathit{root}_{3}\! \left(3\right)\) over \(Q\).
Run 1
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-6 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-36 x +1\)
Run 2
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-2 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-12 x -1\)
Run 3
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-6 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-36 x +1\)
Run 4
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-2 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-12 x -1\)
Run 5
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-2 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-12 x -1\)
Run 6
\(x^{6}-6 x^{4}-6 x^{3}+12 x^{2}-36 x +1\)
Analysis: The polynomials differ in their coefficients: \(-2x^3\) vs \(-6x^3\) and \(-12x\) vs \(-36x\), and the constant term \(-1\) vs \(+1\), so they are distinct polynomials.
All 6 different
Problem 53
Compute a lexicographic Gröbner basis (with \(y <x\)) of the ideal \(\langle x^{2}+y^{2}-4, x y -1\rangle\) and use it to find all complex solutions of the system.
Run 1
\(\left(\left[\mathit{xy} -1, x^{2}+y^{2}-4, y^{3}-4 y +1\right], \left\{\left\{x =\frac{1}{\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)}, y =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)\right\}, \left\{x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1\right), y =\frac{1}{\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1\right)}\right\}\right\}\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left[\mathit{xy} -1, y^{3}-4 y +1, x +\frac{y^{2}}{4}-\frac{4}{y}\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\mathit{xy} -1, x^{2}+y^{2}-4, y^{3}-4 y +1\right]_{\left[x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =1\right), y =-\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =1\right)^{2}+4\right],\left[x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =2\right), y =-\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =2\right)^{2}+4\right],\left[x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =3\right), y =-\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-4 \textit{\_Z} +1, \mathit{index} =3\right)^{2}+4\right]}\)
Run 4
\(\left(\left[\mathit{xy} -1, x^{2}+y^{2}-4, y^{3}-y \right], \left\{\left[x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+y \textit{\_Z} -1\right), y =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-\textit{\_Z} -1\right)\right], \left[x =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+y \textit{\_Z} -1\right), y =\mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{3}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)\right]\right\}\right)\)
Run 5
\([\mathit{xy} -1, y^{3}-4 y +1, 4 y^{2}+x -y -4]\)
Run 6
\([\mathit{xy} -1, y^{3}-4 y +1, y^{3}+x -4 y]\)
Analysis: The answers differ in the form of the third polynomial (giving \(x\) in terms of \(y\) or a univariate polynomial in \(y\)), in whether \(x^2+y^2-4\) is kept in the basis, and in the described complex solution set (number of solutions, indexed roots vs. unindexed roots, and the substitution form \(y=1/x\) vs. \(y=4-x^2\) vs. nested \(\mathrm{RootOf}\)).
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 54
Determine the Galois group of \(x^{4}-2\) over \(Q\).
Run 1
\(\mathrm{GaloisGroup}(x^{4}-2, x, \text{`minimal`}) = [8, 3, \text{`D4`}]\)
Run 2
\(\mathrm{GaloisGroup}(x^{4}-2, x, \text{`minimal`}) = [8, 3, \text{`D4`}]\)
Run 3
\(\mathrm{GaloisGroup}(x^{4}-2, x, \text{`minimal`}) = [8, 3, 7, \text{`D4`}]\)
Run 4
\(\mathit{Group} \! \left(\left[\left[1, 2, 3, 4\right], \left[\left[2, 4\right], \left[1, 3\right]\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 5
\(\mathit{Group} \! \left(\left[\left[1, 2, 3, 4\right], \left[\left[1, 3\right], \left[2, 4\right]\right]\right]\right)\)
Run 6
\(\mathrm{Group}\!\left(\left[\left[2,3,4\right], \left[1,2\right]\right]\right)\)
Analysis: The first group identifies the Galois group as the dihedral group \(D_4\) of order 8 (generated by a 4-cycle and a double transposition), while run 6's answer specifies a group generated by a 3-cycle and a transposition, which is \(S_4\) of order 24.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 56
Express the elementary symmetric polynomial \(e_{3}\! \left(x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}\right)\) in terms of the power sums \(p_{k} = x_{1}^{k}+x_{2}^{k}+x_{3}^{k}\) for \([k = 1, 2, 3]\).
Run 1
\(-\frac{p_1^{3}}{12} + \frac{p_1 p_2}{4} + \frac{p_3}{3}\)
Run 2
\(-\frac{p_1^{3}}{6} + \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} - \frac{p_3}{3}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{p_1^{3}}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} + \frac{p_3}{3}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{p_1^{3}}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{p_1^{3}}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} + \frac{p_3}{3}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{p_1^{3}}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} + \frac{p_3}{3}\)
Analysis: Runs 3, 5, and 6 give \(\frac{p_1^3}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} + \frac{p_3}{3}\); run 1 gives \(-\frac{p_1^3}{12} + \frac{p_1 p_2}{4} + \frac{p_3}{3}\); run 2 gives \(-\frac{p_1^3}{6} + \frac{p_1 p_2}{2} - \frac{p_3}{3}\) (sign-flipped relative to runs 3, 5, 6); run 4 gives \(\frac{p_1^3}{6} - \frac{p_1 p_2}{2}\) with no \(p_3\) term.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 58
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\ln \! \left(\sin \! \left(x \right)\right)^{2}d x\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(\frac{\pi \left(120 \pi \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}+160 \ln \! \left(2\right) \pi^{2}+14 \pi^{3}+120 \pi \zeta \! \left(2\right)+480 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\right)}{480}\)
Run 2
\(\frac{\pi \left(\pi^{2}+4 \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}\right)}{4}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{\pi^{3}}{4}+\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{\pi \left(\pi^{2}+4 \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}\right)}{4}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\pi^{3}}{4}+\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{2}+2 \pi \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 6
\(\frac{1}{24}\pi^{3}+\frac{1}{2}\pi\ln(2)^{2}\)
Analysis: Run 1 contains \(\zeta(2)\), \(\zeta(3)\), and mixed \(\pi^2\) terms; run 3 gives \(\frac{\pi^3}{4}+\pi\ln^2(2)\); run 5 adds a \(2\pi\zeta(3)\) term to \(\frac{\pi^3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\pi\ln^2(2)\); run 6 gives \(\frac{\pi^3}{24}+\frac{1}{2}\pi\ln^2(2)\), with different rational coefficients on \(\pi^3\) and \(\pi\ln^2(2)\) across the four.
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 67
Find the number of binary strings of length 8 with no consecutive 1's.
Analysis: The answers differ in value: run 1 gives \(55\) while run 6 gives \(34\).
5 of 6 equivalent
Problem 70
Find the number of spanning trees in the complete bipartite graph \(K_{2,3}\).
Analysis: The answer from run 5 is \(6\) while the answer from run 1 is \(12\), which are distinct numerical values.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 73
For data \(X = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\) and \(Y = [ 2.1, 3.9, 4.8, 6.2, 7.0]\), fit a least squares regression line \(y = b x +a\) and compute the residual sum of squares.
Run 1
\(\left(\left[ 6.140000000, 0.940000000\right], 0.668000000\right)\)
Run 2
\([ 6.140000000, 0.9400000000, 1.468000000]\)
Run 3
\([a = 0.5, b = 1.3, \mathit{rss} = 0.56]\)
Run 4
\(\left[{\frac{7}{10}}, {\frac{41}{10}}, {\frac{13}{35}}\right]\)
Run 5
\([a = 0.54, b = 1.26, \mathit{RSS} = 0.448]\)
Run 6
\(\left[a=0.66, b=1.28, \mathrm{rss}=0.308\right]\)
Analysis: The five answers report different numerical values for the intercept \(a\), slope \(b\), and residual sum of squares.
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 74
Find the range and interquartile range of \([5, 12, 18, 23, 28, 35, 41]\) using Tukey's hinges, with the median excluded from the lower and upper halves.
Run 5
\(\left(\left[18, 36\right], 19\right)\)
Analysis: The answers give different numeric pairs for the range and IQR: run 1 reports \((18, 26)\), run 2 reports \((29, 19)\), run 4 reports \((29, 16)\), run 5 reports the hinges \([18, 36]\) with IQR \(19\), and run 3 reports \((29, 18)\).
All 6 different
Problem 75
For data \(\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}\), compute the least squares regression line \(y = b x +a\) and the coefficient of determination \(R^{2}\).
Run 1
\(\left(y = 1.6+ 0.7 x , 0.575\right)\)
Run 2
\(\texttt{[68343-399728-0924668f]}\; y=1.6+0.7x,\ 0.5352112676\)
Run 3
\(\left(\left[\frac{7}{5}, \frac{11}{10}\right], \frac{121}{170}\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\left[\frac{7}{10}, \frac{18}{5}\right], \frac{18}{37}\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left[\frac{81}{35}+\frac{6 x}{7}, {\frac{18}{35}}\right]\)
Run 6
\(\frac{\left[5/5-(15/5)(20/5)\right]}{\left([5/5-(15/5)^{2}],\,1.1+0.7x,\,0.7\right)}\)
Analysis: The groups differ in the regression line and/or \(R^2\): run 1 gives \(y=1.6+0.7x,\ R^2=0.575\); run 2 gives the same line but \(R^2\approx 0.5352\); run 3 gives \([7/5,\,11/10]\) with \(R^2=121/170\); run 4 gives \([7/10,\,18/5]\) with \(R^2=18/37\); run 5 gives \(81/35+(6/7)x\) with \(R^2=18/35\); run 6 gives \(1.1+0.7x\) with \(R^2=0.7\).
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 77
Perform a two-tailed one-sample t-test at \(\alpha = 0.05\) for \(\mathit{H0}\) using the sample \([9, 10, 11, 12, 13]\) (assume normal population with unknown variance).
Run 1
\(\mathrm{tvalue}=2.449489743,\ \mathrm{pvalue}=0.070458224\)
Run 2
\(t=-0.7071067812,\ p\_value=0.5189868044\)
Run 3
\(t=-0.7071067812,\ p\_value=0.5185043187\)
Run 4
\(t=-0.7071067812,\ p\_value=0.5184718099\)
Run 5
\(\mathrm{tvalue}=2.449489743,\ \mathrm{pvalue}=0.0704582019\)
Run 6
\(t=-0.7071067812,\ p\_value=0.5189868044\)
Analysis: The run 1 answer gives \(t \approx 2.449\) with \(p \approx 0.0705\), while run 2 gives \(t \approx -0.7071\) with \(p \approx 0.5190\), so both the test statistic and the p-value differ.
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 78
For \(\mathit{X\,~\,Beta(alpha=2,\,beta=3)\,}\), find \(E_{X}\), \(\mathit{Var}_{X}\), and the mode.
Run 1
\(\left(\frac{8}{5}, \frac{4}{175}, \frac{1}{3}\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left(\frac{8}{5}, \frac{6}{175}, \frac{1}{3}\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(\frac{2}{5}, \frac{3}{50}, \frac{1}{3}\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(\frac{8}{5}, \frac{2}{75}, \frac{1}{3}\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(\frac{8}{5}, \frac{2}{75}, \frac{1}{3}\right)\)
Run 6
\(\frac{8}{5}, \frac{4}{125}, \frac{1}{3}\)
Analysis: The groups differ in the value given for \(\operatorname{Var}[X]\): run 3 gives \(3/50\), run 1 gives \(4/175\), run 2 gives \(6/175\), run 4 gives \(2/75\), and run 6 gives \(4/125\); the answers for \(E[X]\) also differ between run 3 (\(2/5\)) and the others (\(8/5\)).
All 6 different
Problem 81
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln \! \left(x \right)^{2}}{x^{2}+1}d x\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(\frac{1}{8} \mathit{Catalan} \,\pi^{2}-\frac{7}{1536} \pi^{3}-\frac{1}{2} \pi G\)
Run 2
\(\frac{1}{2} \mathit{Catalan} \pi -\frac{7}{1536} \pi^{4}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{1}{16} \pi^{3}-\frac{1}{2} \pi G -\frac{1}{2} \mathit{catalan} \,\pi^{2}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{\pi^{3}}{16}-\frac{7 \pi \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{4}+\frac{\pi \ln \! \left(2\right) \zeta \! \left(2\right)}{2}+\frac{7 \zeta \! \left(3\right)}{8}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\pi^{3}}{16}-\frac{7 \pi \ln \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{4}+\frac{7 \ln \! \left(2\right) \zeta \! \left(2\right)}{2}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{\mathrm{Catalan}\,I}{2}+\frac{\pi^{3}}{16}-\frac{\pi(\ln(2))^{2}}{8}\)
Analysis: Run 1 combines \(\text{Catalan}\,\pi^2/8\), \(-7\pi^3/1536\) and \(-G\pi/2\); run 2 uses \(\pi^4\) instead and only a \(\text{Catalan}\,\pi/2\) term; run 3 subtracts \(\pi G/2 + \text{Catalan}\,\pi^2/2\) from \(\pi^3/16\); run 4 and run 5 both start with \(\pi^3/16 - 7\pi\ln(2)^2/4\) but differ in the remaining \(\zeta\)-terms (run 4 has \(\pi\ln(2)\zeta(2)/2 + 7\zeta(3)/8\), run 5 has \(7\ln(2)\zeta(2)/2\)); run 6 is complex-valued with an imaginary part \(\text{Catalan}\,I/2\) added to \(\pi^3/16 - \pi\ln(2)^2/8\), and the six expressions yield six distinct numerical values.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 82
Find the equation of the osculating circle to the curve \(y = x^{2}\) at the point \([1, 1]\).
Run 1
\(\left[\left(x +\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y -\frac{9}{4}\right)^{2} = {\frac{125}{16}}, \mathit{center} = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{9}{4}\right), \mathit{radius} = \frac{5 \sqrt{5}}{4}\right]\)
Run 2
\(\left[\left(x +\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y -\frac{9}{4}\right)^{2} = {\frac{125}{16}}, \mathit{center} = \left[-{\frac{1}{2}}, {\frac{9}{4}}\right], \mathit{radius} = \frac{5 \sqrt{5}}{4}\right]\)
Run 3
\(\left[\left(x +\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y -\frac{5}{4}\right)^{2} = \frac{25 \left(\sqrt{5}\right)^{2}}{16}\right]\)
Run 4
\(\left[\left(x +\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y -\frac{9}{4}\right)^{2} = {\frac{125}{16}}\right]\)
Run 5
\(\left[\left(x +\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y -\frac{5}{2}\right)^{2} = \frac{25 \left(\sqrt{5}\right)^{2}}{4}\right]\)
Run 6
\(\left[(x-(-\frac{1}{2}))^{2}+(y-\frac{5}{4})^{2}=(\frac{1}{2})^{2}+(\frac{3}{4})^{2}\right]\)
Analysis: The groups differ in the circle's center and radius: run 1, run 2 and run 4 give center \((-1/2,\,9/4)\) with \(r^2 = 125/16\); run 3 gives center \((-1/2,\,5/4)\) with \(r^2 = 125/16\); run 5 gives center \((-1/2,\,5/2)\) with \(r^2 = 125/4\); run 6 gives center \((-1/2,\,5/4)\) with \(r^2 = 13/16\).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 83
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\ln \! \left(1-x \right)^{2}}{x}d x\) in closed form. Express the result using \(\zeta \! \left(3\right)\).
Run 1
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 2
\(6 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 3
\(\frac{\zeta \! \left(3\right)}{4}\)
Run 4
\(\zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 5
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Run 6
\(2 \zeta \! \left(3\right)\)
Analysis: The answer by run 2 gives \(6\zeta(3)\), run 1 gives \(2\zeta(3)\), run 3 gives \(\zeta(3)/4\), and run 4 gives \(\zeta(3)\), all differing by numerical factors of \(\zeta(3)\).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 85
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\ln \! \left(x \right)}{\left(x^{2}+1\right)^{2}}d x\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\)
Run 2
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{16}\)
Run 3
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\)
Run 4
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{16}\)
Run 5
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{8}\)
Run 6
\(-\frac{\pi^{2}}{16}\)
Analysis: run 1's answer \(-\pi^2/8\) is twice run 2's answer \(-\pi^2/16\).
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 89
Project the vector \(\langle 2, 3, 4\rangle\) onto the subspace of \(R^{3}\) spanned by \(\langle 1, 1, 1\rangle\) and \(\langle 1, 0, 0\rangle\).
Run 1
\(\left[\frac{11}{3}, \frac{11}{3}, \frac{11}{3}\right]\)
Run 2
\(\frac{14}{3}\langle 1,1,1\rangle + \frac{2}{3}\langle 1,0,0\rangle\)
Run 3
\(\left[\frac{11}{3}, \frac{11}{3}, \frac{11}{3}\right]\)
Run 4
\(\langle 2, 1, 1\rangle\)
Run 5
\(\langle 2, 1, 1\rangle\)
Run 6
\(\left[\frac{14}{3}, \frac{7}{3}, \frac{7}{3}\right]\)
Analysis: The mistral answers are pairwise nonequivalent: they represent \( \left(\frac{16}{3},\frac{14}{3},\frac{14}{3}\right) \), \( \left(\frac{11}{3},\frac{11}{3},\frac{11}{3}\right) \), \( (2,1,1) \), and \( \left(\frac{14}{3},\frac{7}{3},\frac{7}{3}\right) \), respectively.
2 of 6 equivalent
Problem 93
Evaluate \(\mathrm{I}\! \left(a \right) = \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\cos \! \left(a x \right)}{x^{4}+1}d x\) for \(0<a\) in closed form.
Run 1
\(\frac{\pi \sqrt{2}\, {\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \left(\cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+\sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right)}{4}\)
Run 2
\(\frac{\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \sqrt{2}}{4}+\frac{\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \sqrt{2}}{4}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \sqrt{2}}{4}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \sqrt{2}\, \left(\left(\cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+\sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right) \cosh \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+\left(\cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)-\sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right) \sinh \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right)}{4}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}} \sqrt{2}\, \left(\left(\cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+\sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right) \cosh \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+\left(\cos \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)-\sin \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right) \sinh \! \left(\frac{a \sqrt{2}}{2}\right)\right)}{4}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{1}{2}\pi \exp\!\left(-\frac{1}{2}a\,2^{1/2}\right)\sin\!\left(\frac{1}{2}a\,2^{1/2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\big/2^{1/2}\)
Analysis: The mistral answers are pairwise nonequivalent: they have respectively \(e^{-a/\sqrt2}(\cos(a/\sqrt2)+\sin(a/\sqrt2))\), \(e^{-a/\sqrt2}\cos(a/\sqrt2)\), a mixed form simplifying to \(\cos(a/\sqrt2)+e^{-\sqrt2 a}\sin(a/\sqrt2)\), and \(e^{-a/\sqrt2}\sin(a/\sqrt2+\pi/4)\) with different overall scaling factors.
4 of 6 equivalent
Problem 95
Evaluate \(\int_{0}^{2 \pi}\frac{\cos \! \left(\theta \right)}{5+4 \cos \! \left(\theta \right)}d \theta\).
Run 1
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3 \pi \sqrt{5}}{4}\)
Run 2
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3 \pi \sqrt{5}}{4}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{\pi \sqrt{5}}{2}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3 \pi \sqrt{5}}{4}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3 \pi \sqrt{5}}{4}\)
Analysis: The mistral answers are pairwise nonequivalent, giving three different constants: \(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{\pi\sqrt{5}}{2}\), \(\frac{\pi}{4}\), and \(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3\pi\sqrt{5}}{4}\).
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 96
Factor the polynomial \(x^{8}+x^{4}+1\) completely over the complex numbers.
Run 1
\(\left(x^{2}-x +1\right) \left(x^{2}+x +1\right) \left(x^{2}-\mathrm{i} x \sqrt{3}+1\right) \left(x^{2}+\mathrm{i} x \sqrt{3}+1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \sqrt{3}+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \sqrt{3}+1\right)\)
Run 2
\(\left(x^{2}-x +1\right) \left(x^{2}+x +1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right)\)
Run 3
\(\left(x^{2}-x +1\right) \left(x^{2}+x +1\right) \left(x^{2}-\mathrm{i}\right) \left(x^{2}+\mathrm{i}\right) \left(x -\mathrm{i}\right) \left(x +\mathrm{i}\right) \left(x +\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}}{2}\right) \left(x +\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}}{2}\right) \left(x -\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}}{2}\right) \left(x -\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\mathrm{i} \sqrt{3}}{2}\right)\)
Run 4
\(\left(x^{2}-x +1\right) \left(x^{2}+x +1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right)\)
Run 5
\(\left(x^{2}-x +1\right) \left(x^{2}+x +1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}+\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}-x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right) \left(x^{2}+x \mathit{RootOf}\! \left(\textit{\_Z}^{2}-\textit{\_Z} +1\right)+1\right)\)
Run 6
\((x^{2}-x+1)(x^{2}+x+1)(x^{2}-x\,3^{1/2}+1)(x^{2}+x\,3^{1/2}+1)(x^{2}+\frac{1}{3}x\,3^{1/2}-x+1)(x^{2}-\frac{1}{3}x\,3^{1/2}-x+1)(x^{2}+\frac{1}{3}x\,3^{1/2}+x+1)(x^{2}-\frac{1}{3}x\,3^{1/2}+x+1)\)
Analysis: The four groups are mathematically different as written: they have different factor sets and different total degrees (respectively \(12,14,12,16\)), with one using explicit \(\sqrt{3}\) and \(i\), one mixing quadratic and linear complex factors, one using \(\operatorname{RootOf}\) coefficients, and one using additional \(\pm\!\left(1\pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\right)x\) quadratic factors.
3 of 6 equivalent
Problem 98
Find the closed form of the infinite sum \(\overset{\infty}{\underset{n =1}{\sum}}\frac{H_{n}}{n^{3}}\), where \(H_{n} = \overset{n}{\underset{k =1}{\sum}}\frac{1}{k}\) is the n-th harmonic number.
Run 1
\(\frac{7 \pi^{4}}{720}+\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(3\right)}{2}\)
Run 2
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(4\right)}{2}+\frac{\zeta \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{2}\)
Run 3
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(4\right)}{2}+\frac{\zeta \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{4}\)
Run 4
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(4\right)}{2}+\frac{\zeta \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{4}\)
Run 5
\(\frac{3 \zeta \! \left(4\right)}{2}+\frac{\zeta \! \left(2\right)^{2}}{4}\)
Run 6
\(\frac{17}{36}\pi^{4}-2\operatorname{Zeta}(3)\ln(2)-\frac{1}{2}\pi^{2}(\ln(2))^{2}+\frac{1}{6}(\ln(2))^{4}+4\operatorname{polylog}(4,\frac{1}{2})\)
Analysis: One mistral expression is \(\frac{7\pi^4}{720}+\frac{3}{2}\zeta(3)\), two mistral expressions are \(\frac{3}{2}\zeta(4)+c\,\zeta(2)^2\) with different \(c\) values (\(\frac12\) vs \(\frac14\)), and one mistral expression is a \(\pi,\ln 2,\zeta(3),\operatorname{Li}_4(1/2)\) combination; these are mathematically non-equivalent to each other.